The role of the cell block technique in modern cytology

Abstract

Introduction: cytology is a fundamental tool for the diagnosis of various pathologies; however, its accuracy may be limited by the quality and characteristics of the cellular samples. The cell block technique emerges as an alternative that better preserves cellular architecture and morphology, potentially improving diagnostic quality.

Objective: to evaluate the usefulness of the cell block technique in cytology, analyzing its impact on sensitivity, specificity, and cost-effectiveness in comparison with conventional cytology.

Method: a narrative review was conducted through an exhaustive search in Scopus, PubMed, and LILACS. Studies published in the last 10 years comparing the diagnostic performance of the cell block technique with conventional cytology were included. Parameters such as morphological quality, sensitivity, specificity, and costs were evaluated.

Results: the reviewed evidence shows that the cell block technique improves visualization and preservation of cellular morphology and reduces technical artifacts. Several meta-analyses report higher sensitivity and specificity of the cell block technique compared to conventional cytology, with relevant clinical implications for timely and accurate diagnosis. Although initial implementation may involve higher costs, these are offset in the long term by reduced additional procedures and improved diagnostic quality.

Conclusions: the cell block technique represents a superior method to conventional cytology in terms of diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness. Its progressive adoption in cytological practice is recommended to support more reliable and timely diagnoses.